ENGLISH
VERSIONS
ot
the
Book
of
Jonah,
of
which
a
single
copy
(now
in
the
British
Museum)
came
to
light
in
1861.
After
this
he
seems
to
have
reverted
to
the
NT,
of
which
he
issued
a
revised
edition
in
1534.
The
immediate
occasion
of
this
was
the
appearance
of
an
unauthorized
revision
of
the
translation
of
1525,
by
one
George
Joye,
in
which
many
alterations
were
made
of
which
Tindale
dis-approved.
Tindale's
new
edition
was
printed
by
Martin
Empereur
of
Antwerp,
and
published
in
Nov.
1534.
One
copy
of
it
was
printed
on
vellum,
illuminated,
and
pre-sented
to
Anne
Boleyn,
who
had
shown
favour
to
one
of
the
agents
employed
in
distributing
Tindale's
earlier
work.
It
bears
her
name
on
the
fore-edge,
and
is
now
in
the
British
Museum.
The
volume
is
a
small
octavo,
and
embodies
a
careful
revision
of
his
previous
work.
Since
it
was
intended
for
liturgical
use,
the
church
lections
were
marked
in
it,
and
in
an
appendix
were
added,
'
The
Epistles
taken
out
of
the
Old
Testament,
which
are
read
in
the
church
after
the
use
of
Salisbury
upon
certain
days
of
the
year.'
These
consist
of
42
short
passages
from
the
OT
(8
being
taken
from
the
Apocrypha),
and
constitute
an
addition
to
Tindale's
work
as
a
translator
of
the
OT.
The
text
of
the
NT
is
accompanied
through-out
by
marginal
notes,
differing
(so
far
as
we
are
in
a
position
to
compare
them)
from
those
in
the
quarto
of
1625,
and
very
rarely
polemical.
Nearly
all
the
books
are
preceded
by
prologues,
which
are
for
the
most
part
derived
from
Luther
(except
that
to
Heb.,
in
which
Tindale
expressly
combats
Luther's
rejection
of
its
Apostolic
authority).
17.
The
edition
of
1534
did
not
finally
satisfy
Tindale,
and
in
the
following
year
he
put
forth
another
edition
'yet
once
again
corrected.'
[The
volume
bears
two
dates,
1535
and
1534,
but
the
former,
which
stands
on
the
first
title-page,
must
be
taken
to
be
that
of
the
completion
of
the
work.]
It
bears
the
monogram
of
the
pubhsher,
Godfried
van
der
Haghen,
and
is
some-times
known
as
the
GH
edition.
It
has
no
marginal
notes.
Another
edition,
which
is
stated
on
its
title-page
to
have
been
finished
in
1535,
contains
practically
the
same
text,
but
is
notable
for
its
spelling,
which
appears
to
be
due
to
a
Flemish
compositor,
working
by
ear
and
not
by
sight.
These
editions
ot
1635,
which
embody
several
small
changes
from
the
text
of
1534,
represent
Tindale's
work
in
its
final
form.
Several
editions
were
issued
in
1636,
but
Tindale
was
not
then
in
a
position
to
supervise
them.
In
May
1635,
through
the
treachery
of
one
Phillips,
he
was
seized
by
some
officers
of
the
emperor,
and
carried
off
from
Antwerp
(where
he
had
lived
for
a
year
past)
to
the
castle
of
Vilvorde.
After
some
months'
imprisonment
he
was
brought
to
trial,
condemned,
and
finally
strangled
and
burnt
at
the
stake
on
Oct.
6,
1536,
crying
'
with
a
fervent,
great,
and
a
loud
voice,
"Lord,
open
the
King
of
England's
eyes."',
The
chief
authority
for
the
life
of
Tindale
is
the
biography
by
the
Rev.
R.
Demaus
(2nd
ed.,
revised
by
R.
Lovett,
1886)
.
Thef
ragmentary
quarto
ot
1525
is
published
in
photographic
faoaimilebyE.
Arber
(.TheFirstPrintedEnglishNT.lSTl),
with
an
important
introduction.
The
octavo
of
1525
is
reproduced
in
facsimile
by
F.
Fry
(1862),
as
also
is
the
Jonah
ot
1631
(1863).
'The
Pentateuch
is
reprinted
by
Mombert
(Bagster,
1884),
and
the
NT
ot
1534
in
Bagster's
English
Hexapla.
See
also
the
general
bibliography
at
the
end
ot
this
article.
18.
Coverdale's
Bible
(1535).
Tindale
never
had
the
satisfaction
of
completing
his
gift
of
an
English
Bible
to
his
country;
but
during
his
imprisonment
he
may
have
learnt
that
a
complete
translation,
based
largely
upon
his
own,
had
actually
been
produced.
The
credit
tor
this
achievement,
the
first
complete
printed
English
Bible,
is
due
to
Miles
Coverdale
(1488-1569),
afterwards
bishop
of
Exeter
(1561-1663).
The
details
of
its
pro-duction
are
obscure.
Coverdale
met
Tindale
abroad
in
1629,
and
is
said
to
have
assisted
him
in
the
trans-lation
of
the
Pentateuch.
His
own
work
was
done
under
the
patronage
of
Cromwell,
who
was
anxious
for
the
publication
of
an
English
Bible;
and
it
was
no
doubt
ENGLISH
VERSIONS
forwarded
by
the
action
of
Convocation,
which,
under
Cranmer's
leading,
had
petitioned
in
1534
for
the
under-taking
of
such
a
work.
It
was
probably
printed
by
Froschover
at
Zurich;
but
this
has
never
been
absolutely
demonstrated.
It
was
published
at
the
end
of
1535,
with
a
dedication
to
Henry
viii.
By
this
time
the
conditions
were
more
favourable
to
a
Protestant
Bible
than
they
had
been
in
1525.
Henry
had
finally
broken
with
the
Pope,
and
had
committed
himself
to
the
prin-ciple
of
an
English
Bible.
Coverdale's
work
was
accord-ingly
tolerated
by
authority,
and
when
the
second
edition
of
it
appeared
in
1637
(printed
by
an
English
printer,
Nycolson
of
Southwark),
it
bore
on
its
title-page
the
words,
'
Set
forth
with
the
Kinges
moost
gracious
licence.'
In
thus
licensing
Coverdale's
translation,
Henry
probably
did
not
know
how
far
he
was
sanctioning
the
work
of
Tindale,
which
he
had
previously
condemned.
In
the
NT,
in
particular,
Tindale's
version
is
the
basis
of
Cover-dale's,
and
to
a
somewhat
less
extent
this
is
also
the
case
In
the
Pentateuch
and
Jonah;
but
Coverdale
revised
the
work
of
his
predecessor
with
the
help
of
the
Zurich
German
Bible
ot
Zwingli
and
others
(1524-1529),
a
Latin
version
by
Pagninus,
the
Vulgate,
and
Luther
In
his
preface
he
explicitly
disclaims
originality
as
a
translator,
and
there
is
no
sign
that
he
made
any
noticeable
use
of
the
Greek
and
Hebrew;
but
he
used
the
available
Latin,
German,
and
English
versions
with
judgment.
In
the
parts
of
the
OT
which
Tindale
had
not
published
he
appears
to
have
translated
mainly
from
the
Zurich
Bible.
[Coverdale's
Bible
of
1535
was
reprinted
by
Bagster
(1838).)
19.
In
one
respect
Coverdale's
Bible
was
epoch-
making,
namely,
in
the
arrangement
of
the
Books
of
the
OT.
In
the
Vulgate,
as
is
well
known,
the
books
which
are
now
classed
as
Apocrypha
are
intermingled
with
the
other
books
of
the
OT.
This
was
also
the
case
with
the
LXX,
and
in
general
it
may
be
said
that
the
Christian
Church
had
adopted
this
view
of
the
Canon.
It
is
true
that
many
ot
the
greatest
Christian
Fathers
had
pro-tested
against
it,
and
had
preferred
the
Hebrew
Canon,
which
rejects
these
books.
The
Canon
ot
Athanasius
places
the
Apocrypha
in
a
class
apart;
the
Syrian
Bible
omitted
them;
Eusebius
and
Gregory
Nazianzen
appear
to
have
held
similar
views;
and
Jerome
refused
to
translate
them
for
his
Latin
Bible.
Nevertheless
the
Church
at
large,
both
East
and
West,
retained
them
in
their
Bibles,
and
the
provincial
Council
of
Carthage
(a.d.
397),
under
the
influence
of
Augustine,
expressly
included
them
in
the
Canon.
In
spite
of
Jerome,
the
Vulgate,
as
it
circulated
in
Western
Europe,
regularly
included
the
disputed
books;
and
Wyclit's
Bible,
being
a
translation
from
the
Vulgate,
naturally
has
them
too.
On
the
other
hand,
Luther,
though
recognizing
these
books
as
profitable
and
good
for
reading,
placed
them
in
a
class
apart,
as
'Apocrypha,'
and
in
the
same
way
he
segregated
Heb.,
Ja.,
Jude,
and
Apoc.
at
the
end
of
the
NT,
as
of
less
value
and
authority
than
the
rest.
This
arrangement
appears
in
the
table
of
contents
of
Tindale's
NT
in
1525,
and
was
adopted
by
Coverdale,
Matthew,
and
Taverner.
It
is
to
Tindale's
example,
no
doubt,
that
the
action
of
Coverdale
is
due.
His
Bible
is
divided
into
six
parts
—
(1)
Pentateuch;
(2)
Jos.-Est.;
(3)
Job-'
Solomon's
Balettes'
(i.e.
Cant.);
(4)
Prophets;
(6)
'
Apocripha,
the
bokes
and
treatises
which
amonge
the
fathers
of
olde
are
not
rekened
to
be
of
like
authorite
with
the
other
bokes
of
the
byble,
nether
are
they
founde
in
the
Canon
ot
the
Hebrue';
(6)
NT.
This
represents
the
view
generally
taken
by
the
Reformers,
both
in
Germany
and
in
England,
and
so
far
as
concerns
the
English
Bible,
Coverdale's
example
was
decisive.
On
the
other
hand,
the
Roman
Church,
at
the
Council
of
Trent
(1646),
adopted
by
a
majority
the
opinion
that
all
the
books
of
the
larger
Canon
should
be
received
as
of
equal
authority,
and
for
the
first
time
made
this
a
dogma
of
the
Church,
enforced
by
an
anathema.
In
1538k
Coverdale
published
a
NT
with
Latin
(Vulgate)
