JAPHLET

the south border of Zebulun (Jos 19'2); probably the modern Ydfa, near the foot of the Nazareth hills.

JAPHLET.— An Asherite family (1 Ch 7'").

JAPHLETITES.— The name of an unidentified tribe mentioned in stating the boundaries of the children of Joseph (Jos 16S).

JARAH.— A descendant of Saul, 1 Ch 9«. In 8» he is called Jehoaddah,

JAREB. — It is not safe to pronounce dogmatically on the text and meaning of Hos 5'' 10«. But our choice lies between two alternatives. If we adhere to the current text, we must regard Jareb (or Jarlb) as a sobriquet coined by Hosea to indicate the love of conflict which characterized the Assyrian king. Thus 'King Jarib'='Klng Warrior,' 'King Striver," 'King Combat,' or the like; and the events referred to are those of B.C. 738 (see 2 K 15"). Most of the ancient versions support this, as, e.g., LXX 'King Jareim'; Symm. and Vulg. 'King Avenger.' If we divide the Hebrew consonants differently, We get 'the great king,' corresponding to the Assyr. sharrurabbu (cf. 2 K 18"- ^s, Is 36'). It has even been thought that this signification may be accepted without any textual change. In any case linguistic and historical evidence is against the idea that Jareb is the proper name of an Assyrian or an Egyptian monarch. Other, less probable, emenda-tions are 'king of Arabia,' 'king of Jathrib or of Aribi' (both in N. Arabia). J. Taylor.

JARED.— The father of Enoch (Gn 5"- "• "■ "■ '<>, 1 Ch 12, Lk 3").

JARHA. — An Egyptian slave who married the daughter of his master Sheshan (1 Ch 2"'-).

JARIB. — 1. The eponym of a Simeonite family (1 Ch 4«=Jachin of Gn 46'", Ex 6'', Nu 26i2). 2. One of the ' chief men ' who were sent by Ezra to Casiphia in search of Levites (Ezr 8"); called in 1 Es 8" Joribus. 3. A priest who had married a foreign wife (Ezr 10'»); called in 1 Es 9" Joribus.

JARDHOTH (1 Es 9") =Ezr 10" Jeremoth.

JARUU'TH. — 1. A royal city of the Canaanltes (Jos 10' etc.), in the Shephelah, assigned to Judah (Jos IS''). It is probably identical with 'Jermucha' of the Onomasticon, 10 Roman miles from Eleutherop-olis, on the Jerusalem road. This is now Khirbet YaTmUk, between Wady es-SarUr and Wady es-Sant, about 8 miles N. of Beit Jibrin. 2. A city in Issachar, allotted to the Gershonite Levites (Jos 21^9, LXX B Remmath). It corresponds to Ramoth in 1 Ch 6", and Remeth appears in Jos 19" among the cities of Issachar. Guthe suggests er-Rameh, about 11 miles S.W. of Jenln, but this is uncertain. W. Ewing.

JAROAH.— A Gadite chief (1 Ch 5").

JASAELUS (1 Es 9™) =Ezr 10" Sheal.

JASHAR, BOOK OF (sSpfter ha-yashar, 'Book of the Righteous One'). — An ancient book of national songs, which most likely contained both religious and secular songs describing great events in the history of the nation. In the OT there are two quotations from this book — (a) Jos 10'2- "; the original form must have been a poetical description of the battle of Gibeon, in which would have been included the old-world account of Jahweh casting down great stones from heaven upon Israel's enemies. (6) 2 S l''-"; in this case the quota-tion is a much longer one, consisting of David's lamenta-tion over Saul and Jonathan. In each case the Book of Jashar is referred to as well known; one might expect, therefore, that other quotations from it would be found in the O'T, and perhaps this is actually the case with, e.g., the Song of Deborah (Jg 5) and some other ancient pieces, which originally may have had a reference to their source in the title (.e.g. 1 K 8"").

W. O. E. Oesterley.

JAZER

JASHEN. — The sons of Jashen are mentioned in the list of David's heroes given in 2 S 23'^. In the parallel list (1 Ch 11") they appear as the sons of Hashem, who is further described as the Gizonite (wh. see).

JASHOBEAM.— One of David's mighty men (1 Ch 1 1" 12' 27'). There is reason to beUeve that his real name waslshbosheth, i.e. Eshbaal ('man of Baal'). Cl. Adino

and JOSHEB-BASSHEBETH.

JASHUB.— 1. Issachar's fourth son (Nu 26«, 1 Ch 7'; called in Gn 46" lob; patron. Jashubites (Nu 26"). 2. A returned exile who married a foreigner (Ezr 10*'); called in-1 Es 9" Jasubus.

JASHUBI-LEHEM.— The eponym of a Judahite family (1 Ch 4'^'). The text is manifestly corrupt.

JASON. — This Greek name was adopted by many Jews whose Hebrew designation was Joshua (Jesus). 1. The son of Eleazar deputed to make a treaty with the Romans, and father of Antipater who was later sent on a similar errand, unless two different persons are meant (1 Mac 8" 12" 1422). 2. Jason of Cyrene, an author, of whose history 2 Mac. (see 22'- ^) is an epitome (written after B.C. 160). 3. Joshua the high priest, who ousted his brother Onias iii. from the office in b.c. 174 (2 Mac 4™-), but was himself driven out three years later, and died among the Lacedasmonians at Sparta (2 Mac 5"). 4. In Ac 17"'- a Jason was St. Paul's host at Thessa-lonica, from whom the politarchs took bail for his good behaviour, thus (as it seems) preventing St. Paul's return to Macedonia for a long time (see art. Paul the Apostle, § 8). The Jason who sends* greetings from Corinth in Ro 16*', a 'kinsman' of St. Paul (.i.e. a Jew), is probably the same man. A. J. Maclean.

JASPER.— See Jewels AND Precious Stones, p. 487".

JASUBUS (1 Es 9") =Ezr 10" Jashub.

JAXHAN'. — Son of Shemaiah 'the great,' and brother of Ananias the pretended father of Raphael (To 5").

JATHNIEL.— A Levitical family (1 Ch 26^).

JATTIR. — A town of Judah in the southern, mountains, a Levitical city (Jos 15" 21", 1 Ch 6«). It was one of the cities to whose elders David sent of the spoil from Ziklag (1 S 30"). Its site is the ruin ' Attlr, N.E. of Beersheba, on a hill spur close to the southern desert.

JAVAN, the Heb. rendering of the Gr. laon, ' Ionian, is a general term in the Bible for lonlans or Greeks; very similar forms of the name occur in the Assyrian and Egyptian inscriptions. In the genealogical table in Gn (lO*- ') and 1 Ch (!'■ ') Javan is described as a son of Japheth and the father of EUshah, Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim (or better, Rodanim, i.e. Rhodes) ; from the reference to Kittim (Kition) as his son, it is possible that the passage refers particularly to Cyprus. In Is 66" Javan is included among the distant countries that will hear of Jahweh's glory; in Jl 3' the sons of the Javanites are referred to as trading in Jewish captives with the Phoenicians and PhiUstines; in Ezk 27" Javan, with Tubal and Meshech, is described as trading with 'Tyre in slaves and vessels of brass. In all three passages the references are to the Ionian colonies on the coast of Asia Minor. In Ezk 27" Javan appears a second time among the nations that traded with Tyre; clearly the lonians are not intended, and, unless the text is corrupt (as is very probable), the reference may be to an Arab tribe, or perhaps to a Greek colony in Arabia. In Dn 8" 102" 112, where 'the king,' 'the prince,' and 'the kingdom' of Javan are mentioned, the passages have reference to the Grjeco-Macedonian empire.

L. W. Kino.

JAVELIN. — See Armour, Arms, § 1 (6).

JAZER. — An Amorite town N. of Heshbon, taken by Israel (Nu 2182), allotted to Gad (Jos la's etc.), and fortified by it (Nu 32"). It lay in a district rich in vines (Is 16' etc., Jer 48'2). It is probably represented

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