SEVENTY

The dates of the documents hitherto found range from 471 to 410, in the reigns of Xerxes, Artaxerxes, and Darius ii. One of these is a petition to Bagoas, the governor of Judaea, for the re-building of the temple, which had been destroyed by the nations in 411. To this a favourable reply was given. But the temple was probably swept away in the final revolt of Egypt against the Persians about 405. Since the seventh century the frontier garrison against the Ethiopians had been posted there, and the military element predominated. F. Ll. Ghiffith.

SEVENTY.— See Number, § 7. SHAALABBIN. — See next article. SHAALBIM. — A town mentioned with Mt. Heres and Aijalon as being occupied by the Amorites (Jg 1^'). It was, with Makaz and Beth-shemesh, in the district of one of Solomon's commissariat officers (1 K 4'); and if it be the same place as Shaalabbin, it is men-tioned with Aijalon and Beth-shemesh in Jos 19*2. It is probably identical with Shaalbon, the home of one of David's heroes, who is called 'the Shaalbonite' (2 S 23'2, 1 Ch ll»s). It may perhaps be identified with SelbU, about 8 miles N. of Beth-shemesh. Pos-sibly Shaalbim should be read for Shaalim in 1 S 9<. SHAALBON, SHAALBONITE.— See Shaalbim. SHAALIM, LAND OF. — See Shaalbim. SHAAPH.— 1. The son of Jahdal (1 Ch 2"). 2. A son of Caleb by his concubine Maacah (1 Ch 2").

SHAARAIM. — 1. A town of Jadah, in the ShephSIah, mentioned in Jos 15". Some identify it with Khurbet S'alreh, west of Beit 'Aiab; others with Zakarlya. Shaaraim is perhaps mentioned again in the pursuit of the Philistines after the death of Goliath (1 S 17'^ RVm 'the two gates'). 2. A town of Simeon (1 Ch 43'); called Sharuhen in Jos 19', and Shilhim in Jos 15'^ SHAASHGAZ. — A chamberlain of Ahasuerus(Est 2'^) . SHABBETHAI. — A Levite who opposed Ezra in the matter of the foreign marriages (Ezr 10") =Sab-bateus of 1 Es 9". Cf. Neh 8' [1 Es 9" Sabateus] 11". SHACHIA.— A Benjamite (1 Ch 8'»). SHADDAI. — See art. God, 2 (c). SHADRACH. — The name given to Hananiah (Dn 1') . SHAFTS.— See Abmotje Ahms, 1 (d). SHAGE.— See Shammah, 3. SHAHARAm.— A Benjamite (1 Ch 8"). SHAHAZX7MAH. — A town allotted to Issachar (Jos 1922). Its gite has not been identified.

SHALEM. — In Gn 33'* we read 'Jacob (on his return from Haran) came to Shalem a city of Shechem ' (RV reads 'in peace to the city of Shechem'; so Luther in his German translation). The word shalem means 'peace,' and the preposition & 'in' may have fallen out owing to the final letter of Jacob. Otherwise we must suppose Shalem to be a small town (in the neigh-bourhood of Shechem), which has been identified with a village called Salim. W. F. Boyd.

SHALISHAH. — A region through which Saul travelled with his servant in search of the lost asses (1 S 9'). The route as given probably describes a circuitous journey, to the N.W., the E., and finally S. through Benjamin. This would place the ' land of Shalishah ' somewhere on the hills W. of Shiloh. Baal-shalishah (2 K 4«) was doubt-less a place in the same district. H. L. Willett.

SHALLECHETH.— See Jerusalem, II. 4.

SHALLUH, an inhabitant of Jabesh, was nominally king of Israel for one month in the period of anarchy which preceded the extinction of the nation. As he assassinated his predecessor Zechariah, so in turn he was 'removed' by his successor Menahein (2 K 15"*).

H. P. Smith.

840

SHAME

SHALLUM. — 1 . See preced. article, 2 . See Jbhoahaz, 2. 3. The husband (or son, LXX in 2 Kings) of Huldah (2 K 22", 2 Ch 3i'^). 4. A Judahite (1 Ch 2"'-). 5. A descendant of Simeon (1 Ch 4»). 6. A high priest (1 Ch 6«- "; Ezr 72=Salem of 1 Es 8' and Salemas of 2 Es 1'). 7. A son of Naphtali (1 Ch 7"), called in Gn 46" and Nu 26" Shillem, with the gentilio name Shillemltes (Nu 26"). 8. The eponym of a family of gatekeepers (1 Ch 9" "«, Ezr 2« = Neh 7«); called in 1 Es S^* Salum, and (possibly) in Neh IZ^ Meshullam. 9. A Korahite gatekeeper (1 Ch g"- m), called in 26 '■ '■ ' Meshelemiah, and in 26" Shelemiah. It is not at all unlikely that this name should be identi-fied with the preceding. 10. Father of Jehizkiah, an Ephraimite chief (2 Ch 28"). 11. One of the porters who had married a foreign wife (Ezr lO^' [1 Es 92> Sallumus]). 12. One of the sons of Bani who had com-mitted the same offence (Ezr 10« [1 Es Q^* Samatus]). 13. The son of HaUohesh (Neh 312). 14. The uncle of Jeremiah (Jer 32'). 15. Father of Maaseiah (Jer 35').

SHALLUN.— The son of Col-hozeh (Neh 3").

SHALMAN. — This name occurs only in the clause 'as Shalman spoiled Beth-arbel in the day of battle' (Hos 10"). The person and place referred to are both unknown. Shalman may be a contraction for Shal-maneser, but it is impossible to say which, if any, of the four kings of Assyria bearing that name suits the connexion. It has been suggested that the Moabite king Salmanu (mentioned in Tiglath-pileser's triumphal inscription, 11 Rawl. 67, line 60) may be the person re-ferred to by the prophet. The Vulg. version seems to think of the slaughter of Zalmunna by Gideon (Jg 9). See also art. Beth-arbel. W. F. Botd.

SHALMANESER(Assyr.Sft«jTOara-asAan(i«, i.e: Shul-manu [a god] is chief ').— In 2 K 17» 18'-" the Shal-maneser is obviously a king of Assyria who succeeded Tiglath-pileser (wh. see) and preceded Sargon. This was Shalmaneser iv., who reignedover Assyria b.c. 727-^ 722. He ruled Babylonia as Ululai. No monuments of his are preserved. The Eponym Canons give cam-paigns for his last three years. The siege of Samaria was probably begun in his reign and finished under Sargon. The name Shalmaneser appears in 2 Es IS*" as Salmanasar. C. H. W. Johns.

SHAMA.— One of David's heroes (1 Ch 11").

SHAMBLES.— See Arts ani} Crafts, § 7; Food, § 11.

SHAME. — 1. In the first Biblical reference to this emotion (Gn 2^, cf. 3') 'shame' appears as 'the correlative of sin and guilt'; it is 'the overpowering feeling that inward harmony and satisfaction with oneself are disturbed ' (Delitzsch, Com., in loc). From the OT point of view the crowning shame is idolatry: 'As the thief is ashamed when he is found, so is the house of Israel ashamed; they say to a stock, Thou art my father' (Jer 2«'; cf. Is 41" 42"). The all-inclusive promise to those who trust in God is 'none that wait on thee shall be ashamed' (Ps 26' RV; cf. 1198- »". Is 451"- 492s 54"-, Jer 17", Jl 2«f-, Ro 5' %^ 10"). The absence of shame is always regarded as an aggrava-tion of sinful conduct: Job (19») reproaches his friends because they are 'not ashamed' of dealing hardly with him; the climax of Jeremiah's complaint (6") against those who had 'committed abomination' is that 'they were not at all ashamed, neither could they blush' (cf. 812, Zeph Z<- "). The culmination of shamelessness is seen in those 'whose glory is in their shame' (Ph 3"); but in this passage, as elsewhere (Is 50«; cf. Pr 10' 25«), 'shame' is, by a natural trans-ference of ideas, applied not to the inward feeling, but to its outward cause. The degradation of those 'whose god is their belly' is seen in their boasting of conduct which ought to have made them ashamed of their perversion of gospel liberty into shiful licence